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J Audiol Otol > Volume 26(1); 2022 > Article |
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Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Chun-Yi Lin. Data curation: Chun-Yi Lin. Formal analysis: Chun-Yi Lin. Funding acquisition: Yu-Chen Hung. Methodology: Chun-Yi Lin. Project administration: Chun-Yi Lin, Yu-Chen Hung. Supervision: Yu-Chen Hung, Hsiu-Wen Chang. Writing—original draft: Chun-Yi Lin. Writing—review & editing: all authors. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
m | i | ɤ | a | u | f | tʂ | t | kh | p | ɕ | tɕh | s | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average thresholds of Mandarin phonemes (n=20 adults with TH) | -2 | -2 | -3 | -4 | -3 | 4 | -1 | 4 | 0 | 7 | -6 | -3 | -1 |
Normalization | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Detection threshold* | +2 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +3 | -4 | +1 | -4 | 0 | -7 | +6 | +3 | +1 |
Acoustic characteristics | i | u | ɤ | a | tɕh | s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First formant, F1 (Hz) | 297 | 426 | 644 | 928 | n/a | n/a |
Second formant, F2 (Hz) | 2,846 | 879 | 1,418 | 1,336 | n/a | n/a |
Spectral moment (Hz)* | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 6,013 | 8,255 |
Anticipated frequency on an audiogram (Hz)† | 250 | 500 | 500 | 1,000 | 6,000 | 8,000 |
† based on the formants and spectral moments, a corresponding frequency for each phoneme on an audiogram is defined. Because the listeners only needed to detect but not identify the sound, the authors defined the 250 Hz as its corresponding frequency on an audiogram as the most energy of the phoneme /i/ concentrated at around 250 Hz, where its F1 locates.
Frequency (Hz) |
Mandarin phonemes |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
u |
ɤ |
a |
i |
tɕh |
s |
|||||||
r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
250 | 0.355 | 0.054 | 0.427* | 0.019 | 0.397* | 0.030 | 0.159 | 0.400 | 0.511** | 0.004 | 0.592** | 0.001 |
500 | 0.531** | 0.003 | 0.564** | 0.001 | 0.488** | 0.006 | 0.346† | 0.061 | 0.544** | 0.002 | 0.466** | 0.009 |
1,000 | 0.372* | 0.043 | 0.491** | 0.006 | 0.507** | 0.004 | 0.345† | 0.062 | 0.590** | 0.001 | 0.461* | 0.010 |
2,000 | 0.277 | 0.138 | 0.405* | 0.026 | 0.484** | 0.007 | 0.245 | 0.192 | 0.557** | 0.001 | 0.417* | 0.022 |
4,000 | 0.153 | 0.418 | 0.375* | 0.041 | 0.454* | 0.012 | 0.239 | 0.204 | 0.596** | 0.001 | 0.522** | 0.003 |
6,000 | 0.240 | 0.201 | 0.437* | 0.016 | 0.457* | 0.011 | 0.189 | 0.318 | 0.764** | <0.001 | 0.637** | <0.001 |
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