Ordering Characteristics of Anti-Heat Shock Protein 70 Antibody in Australasia

Adrian Yong Sing Lee

doi:10.7874/jao.2021.00535

Dear Editor,

Anti-heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) IgG antibodies are commonly ordered serum autoantibodies in the investigation of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), either primary or associated with other conditions such as Meniere’s disease. It is a biomarker for autoimmune SNHL that may respond to steroids; yet, lacks diagnostic sensitivity and specificity [1]. It may be found in around a quarter of patients with autoimmune SNHL and a third of patients with Meniére’s disease [2].

The Westmead Immunology laboratory (Westmead Hospital) is a quaternary referral laboratory that performs testing of these autoantibodies in Australasia. We reviewed the ordering characteristics of anti-HSP70 over a 5-year period from 2016-2021. Testing was performed using a qualitative line immunoblot (ImmcoStripe, Trinity Biotech, Buffalo, NY, USA) as per manufacturer’s instructions, and graded as not detected (negative), detected (positive) or equivocal for antiHSP70 IgG. Two experienced scientists independently performed the evaluation.

There were 856 tests for anti-HSP70 over the 5-year period with 28 (3.3%) and 53 (6.2%) specimens were equivocal and positive for the autoantibody, respectively. The mean age was 48.5±19.2 years and the cohort consisted of 507 (59.2%) females. As indicated by Table 1, there were no significant differences in these statistics according to the anti-HSP70 result.

The most common ordering specialties were otolaryngology (576, 67.3%), immunology (88, 10.3%), general practice (71, 8.3%), neurology (67, 7.8%) and rheumatology (11, 1.3%). Out of these specialties, otolaryngology patients had a reduced proportion of patients with a positive anti-HSP70 compared to their general cohort, perhaps reflecting the large proportion of patients with SNHL they evaluate (Table 1). Immunology referred a significantly higher proportion of patients with positive anti-HSP70 likely due to their involvement with patients with autoimmune SNHL (Table 1).

The clinical notes and medical records were reviewed for each request episode. Out of the 856 episodes, these were available for 672 episodes (78.5%). The most common reason for requesting the autoantibody were for the investigation of hearing loss (453/672, 67.4%). The frequency of negative, equivocal, and positive anti-HSP70 antibodies did not differ according to the main reason for requesting the test (Table 1).

The surprising lack of correlations with the presence of anti-HSP70 in this cohort may relate to the heterogeneous state and aetiology of patients with SNHL since the autoantibody tends to be present in patients with active disease over inactive disease [3]. Moreover, some of these patients may have been on treatment which was not possible to ascertain from clinical notes alone. Other studies have maintained that anti-HSP70 is of limited clinical utility in screening patients with deafness [4], and controversies exist about the assay used to measure these autoantibodies [5].

This is the first real-world review of the performance of anti-HSP70 in a general laboratory population. In this study cohort, age, sex, and clinical reason for requesting the test were not helpful variables in predicting the positivity of anti-HSP70. However, future studies would be helpful in ascertaining the other predictors for patients that present with steroid-responsive SNHL.

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank the staff of the Immunopathology Laboratory for their technical expertise.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

The author has no financial conflicts of interest.

Table 1.

Demographic details, requesting specialty and clinical reasons for requesting anti-heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) antibody

		Not detected (n=775)	Equivocal (n=28)	Detected (n=53)	p-value
Female		460 (59.4)	14 (50.0)	33 (62.3)	0.550
Age (yr)		48.4±19.2	51.1±17.7	48.2±19.6	0.761
Specialty
	Otolaryngology	531 (68.5)	19 (67.9)	26 (49.1)	0.014
	Immunology	75 (9.7)	2 (7.1)	11 (20.8)	0.034
	General practice	63 (8.1)	1 (3.6)	7 (13.2)	0.282
	Neurology	56 (7.2)	3 (10.7)	8 (15.1)	0.101
	Rheumatology	10 (1.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.9)	0.573
Clinical reason^*
	Total^†	606	25	41
	SNHL	275 (45.3)	11 (44.4)	11 (26.8)	0.069
	Hearing loss	135 (22.2)	6 (24.0)	15 (36.6)	0.110
	Meniere’s	10 (1.7)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.4)	0.672
	Tinnitus	10 (1.7)	1 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	0.654
	Dizziness	7 (1.2)	0 (0.0)	2 (4.9)	0.093

Data are presented as n (%) or mean±standard deviation. Stratification according anti-HSP70 is provided as well as p-values for any significant differences.

^* the remaining cases are a collection of miscellaneous reasons;

^† requests without clinical notes were excluded from analysis.

When the medical/clinical notes did not specify what type of hearing loss that patient had (i.e., conductive vs. sensorineural [SNHL] vs. mixed), the general “hearing loss” label was used. Those patients that had a confirmed SNHL were isolated out as “SNHL” patients. SNHL, sensorineural hearing loss

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